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The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb “had” with the past participle.

I had studied.
He had written a letter to María.
We had been stranded for six days.

Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.

I had studied.
(main verb: studied ; auxiliary verb: had)

He had written a letter to María.
(main verb: written ; auxiliary verb: had)

We had been stranded for six days.
(main verb: been ; auxiliary verb: had)

In Spanish, the past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb “haber” with the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:

³ó²¹²úí²¹
³ó²¹²úí²¹s
³ó²¹²úí²¹
³ó²¹²úí²¹mos
³ó²¹²úí²¹is
³ó²¹²úí²¹n

You have already learned in a previous lesson that the past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido. Remember, some past participles are irregular. The following examples all use the past participle for the verb “vivir.”

(yo) Había vivido.
I had lived.

(tú) Habías vivido.
You had lived.

(él) Había vivido.
He had lived.

(nosotros) Habíamos vivido.
We had lived.

(vosotros) Habíais vivido.
You-all had lived.

(ellos) Habían vivido.
They had lived.

For a review of the formation of the past participle [click here].

When you studied the past participle, you practiced using it as an adjective. When used as an adjective, the past participle changes to agree with the noun it modifies. However, when used in the perfect tenses, the past participle never changes.

Past participle used as an adjective:
La puerta está cerrada.
The door is closed.

Past participle used in the past perfect tense:
Yo ³ó²¹²úí²¹ cerrado la puerta.
I had closed the door.

Here’s a couple of more examples:

Past participle used as an adjective:
Las puertas están abiertas..
The doors are open.

Past participle used in the past perfect tense:
Juan ³ó²¹²úí²¹ abierto las puertas.
Juan had opened the doors.

Note that when used to form the perfect tenses, only the base form (abierto) is used.

Let’s look more carefully at the last example:

Juan ³ó²¹²úí²¹ abierto las puertas.
Juan had opened the doors.

Notice that we use “³ó²¹²úí²¹” to agree with “Juan”. We do NOT use “³ó²¹²úí²¹n” to agree with “puertas.” The auxiliary verb is conjugated for the subject of the sentence, not the object. Compare these two examples:

Juan ³ó²¹²úí²¹ abierto las puertas.
Juan had opened the doors.

Juan y María ³ó²¹²úí²¹n puesto mucho dinero en el banco.
Juan and Maria had put a lot of money in the bank.

In the first example, we use “³ó²¹²úí²¹” because the subject of the sentence is “Juan.” In the second example, we use “³ó²¹²úí²¹n” because the subject of the sentence is “Juan y María.”

The past perfect tense is used when a past action was completed prior to another past action. Expressions such as “ya”, “antes”, “nunca”, “todavía” and “después” will often appear in sentences where one action was completed before another.

Cuando llegaron los padres, los niños ya ³ó²¹²úí²¹n comido.
When the parents arrived, the children had already eaten.

Yo ³ó²¹²úí²¹ comido antes de llamarles.
I had eaten prior to calling them.

This idea of a past action being completed before another past action need not always be stated; it can be implied.

Juan ³ó²¹²úí²¹ cerrado la ventana antes de salir. (stated)
Juan had closed the window before leaving.

Juan ³ó²¹²úí²¹ cerrado la ventana. (implied)
Juan had closed the window.

The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. To make the sentence negative, add the word “no” before the conjugated form of haber.

(yo) No ³ó²¹²úí²¹ vivido.
I had not lived.

(tú) No ³ó²¹²úí²¹s vivido.
You had not lived.

(él) No ³ó²¹²úí²¹ vivido.
He had not lived.

(nosotros) No ³ó²¹²úí²¹mos vivido.
We had not lived.

(vosotros) No ³ó²¹²úí²¹is vivido.
You-all had not lived.

(ellos) No ³ó²¹²úí²¹n vivido.
They had not lived.

Again, the auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. Object pronouns are placed immediately before the auxiliary verb.

Pablo le ³ó²¹²úí²¹ dado mucho dinero a su hermana.
Pablo had given a lot of money to his sister.

To make this sentence negative, the word “no” is placed before the indirect object pronoun (le).

Pablo no le ³ó²¹²úí²¹ dado mucho dinero a su hermana.
Pablo had not given a lot of money to his sister.

With reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun is placed immediatedly before the auxiliary verb. Compare how the present perfect differs from the simple present, when a reflexive verb is used.

Me lavo las manos. (present)
I wash my hands.

Me ³ó²¹²úí²¹ lavado las manos. (past perfect)
I had washed my hands.

To make this sentence negative, the word “no” is placed before the reflexive pronoun (me).

No me ³ó²¹²úí²¹ lavado las manos.
I had not washed my hands.

For a review of reflexive verbs click [here] and [here].

Questions are formed as follows. Note how the word order is different than the English equivalent.

¿Habían llegado ya las chicas?
Had the girls arrived yet?

¿Habías probado ya el postre?
Had you tried the dessert yet?

Here are the same questions in negative form. Notice how the auxiliary verb and the past participle are not separated.

¿No ³ó²¹²úí²¹n llegado ya las chicas?
Hadn’t the girls arrived yet?

¿No ³ó²¹²úí²¹s probado ya el postre?
Hadn’t you tried the dessert yet?